金属氧化物压敏电阻—从微观结构到宏观特性（Metal Oxide Varistors－From Microstructure to Macro-characteristics）_金属氧化物压敏电阻—从微观结构到宏观特性（Metal Oxide Varistors－From Microstructure to Macro-characteristics）PDF下载_金属氧化物压敏电阻—从微观结构到宏观特性（Metal Oxide Varistors－From Microstructure to Macro-characteristics）电子书,介绍,金属氧化物压敏电阻—从微观结构到宏观特性（Metal Oxide Varistors－From Microstructure to Macro-characteristics）txt,作者,视频教程,在线阅读,金属氧化物压敏电阻—从微观结构到宏观特性（Metal Oxide Varistors－From Microstructure to Macro-characteristics）何金良

金属氧化物压敏电阻—从微观结构到宏观特性（Metal Oxide Varistors－From Microstructure to Macro-characteristics）

作者

何金良

丛书名

出版社

清华大学出版社

ISBN

9787302533368

简要

简介

内容简介金属氧化物压敏电阻是电力和电子系统的关键保护器件，直接决定系统运行的安全可靠性。本书系统介绍了氧化锌等压敏电阻的基础研究、制备工艺、性能调控及应用进展，包括导电及老化机理、微结构电特性、微结构测试及微结构仿真分析、高梯度低残压氧化压敏陶瓷、氧化钛及氧化锡等其他体系压敏陶瓷的研究进展等，构建了压敏电阻微结构特性与宏观特性之间的关联性。本书可供高校和科研院所电气工程、微电子、材料等专业的师生以及电力传输、电气设备制造等行业的工程技术人员阅读和参考。

1 Introduction of Varistor Ceramics 1
1.1 ZnOVaristors 1
1.2 FabricationofZnOVaristors 3
1.2.1 PreparationofRawMaterials 4
1.2.2 SinteringofZnOVaristors 5
1.3 Microstructure 6
1.4 TypicalParametersofZnOVaristors 7
1.5 HistoryofZnOVaristors 9
1.6 ApplicationsofZnOVaristors 12
1.7 AlternativeVaristorCeramics 17
1.8 Ceramic–PolymerCompositeVaristors 18 References 22
2 Conduction Mechanisms of ZnO Varistors 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 BasicConceptsinSolid-StatePhysics 33
2.2.1 AtomicEnergyLevelandEnergyBandofCrystal 33
2.2.2 Metal,Semiconductor,andInsulator 35
2.2.3 CharacteristicsofFermi–DiracFunction 37
2.2.4 ImpurityandDefectEnergyLevel 38
2.3 EnergyBandStructureofaZnOVaristor 39
2.3.1 EnergyBandStructureofaZnOGrain 39
2.3.2 DSBofaZnOVaristor 40
2.3.3 MicroscopicOriginofDSB 41
2.3.4 Asymmetric I–V CharacteristicsoftheDSB 43
2.4 ConductionMechanismofaZnOVaristor 45
2.4.1 ConductionModelBasedonThermionicEmissionProcess 46
2.4.2 MinorityCarrierGenerationProcess 49
2.4.3 TheBypassEectModel 51
2.5 DielectricCharacteristicsofaZnOVaristor 51
2.5.1 ExplanationtoDielectricPropertiesofaZnOVaristor 52
2.5.2 EectofInterfacialChargeRelaxationonConductingBehaviorofZnOVaristorsUnderTime-VaryingElectricFields 54
2.5.3 DeterminationofBarrierHeightandRelatedParameters 58
2.5.4 DeterminationofDeepDonorLevelintheZnOVaristor 59
2.5.5 DeterminationofGrainandGrainBoundaryConductivity 60 References 62
3 Tuning Electrical Characteristics of ZnO Varistors 67
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Liquid-PhaseFabrication 68
3.2.1 MicrostructureofZnOVaristor 68
3.2.2 PolymorphofBismuthOxide 71
3.2.3 InuenceofBi2O3Concentration 72
3.2.4 VolatilizationofBismuthOxide 72
3.3 PreparingandSinteringTechniques 74
3.3.1 Fabrication 74
3.3.2 FabricationStages 75
3.3.3 EectofPores 76
3.4 RoleofOxygenattheGrainBoundary 78
3.5 DopantEects 79
3.5.1 EectsofAdditives 79
3.5.2 DonorDopants 82
3.5.3 AcceptorDopants 86
3.5.4 AmphotericDopants 87
3.5.4.1 MonovalentDopants 88
3.5.4.2 TrivalentDopants 89
3.5.5 EectsofRareEarthOxides 92
3.5.6 DopantsforImprovingtheStability 93
3.5.7 EvidenceforHydrogenasaShallowDonor 95
3.6 RoleofInversionBoundaries 95
3.7 HighVoltageGradientZnOVaristor 98
3.8 LowResidualVoltageZnOVaristor 101
3.8.1 ResidualVoltageRatio 101
3.8.2 LowResidualVoltageZnOVaristorsbyDopingAl 103
3.8.3 LowResidualVoltageZnOVaristorsbyDopingGa 106
3.8.4 LowResidualVoltageZnOVaristorswithHighVoltageGradient 108 References 110
4 Microstructural Electrical Characteristics of ZnO Varistors 125
4.1 Introduction 125
4.2 MethodstoDetermineGrainBoundaryParameters 126
4.2.1 TheIndirectMethod 126
4.2.2 TheDirectMicrocontactMethods 126
4.3 StatisticalCharacteristicsofGrainBoundaryParameters 129
4.3.1 NonuniformityofBarrierVoltages 129
4.3.2 DistributionofBarrierVoltage 131
4.3.3 DistributionofNonlinearCoecient 132
Contents
4.3.4 DistributionofLeakageCurrentThroughGrainBoundary 133
4.3.5 DiscussiononMicrocontactMeasurement 133
4.4 ClassicationofGrainBoundaries 134
4.5 OtherTechniquestoDetectMicrostructurallyElectricalPropertiesofZnOVaristors 137
4.5.1 ScanningProbeMicroscopy-BasedTechniques 137
4.5.2 GalvanicDeterminationofConductiveAreasonaVaristor Surface 139
4.5.3 LineScanDeterminationofDierencesinBreakdownVoltageWithinaVaristor 141
4.5.4 CurrentImagesinSEM 141
4.6 TestonFabricatedIndividualGrainBoundary 142
4.6.1 ThinFilmApproach 143
4.6.2 SurfaceIn-DiusionApproach 143
4.6.3 BicrystalApproach 143 References 145
5 Simulation on Varistor Ceramics 149
5.1 Introduction 149
5.2 GrainBoundaryModel 151
5.2.1 I–V CharacteristicModelofGrainBoundary 151
5.2.2 GBModelConsideringConductionMechanism 154
5.3 SimulationModelof I–V Characteristics 159
5.3.1 Simple2DSimulationModel 159
5.3.2 2DSimulationModelsBasedontheVoronoiNetwork 161
5.3.3 ConsiderationonPoresandSpinels 164
5.3.4 AlgorithmtoSolveEquivalentCircuit 165
5.3.5 ModelVerication 169
5.4 SimulationModelforThermalCharacteristics 170
5.4.1 ThermalConductionAnalysis 171
5.4.2 Pulse-InducedFractureAnalysis 173
5.5 SimulationsonDierentPhenomena 174
5.5.1 SimulationonMicrostructuralNonuniformity 174
5.5.2 SimulationonCurrentLocalizationPhenomenon 175
5.5.3 InuenceofMicrostructuralParametersonBulkCharacteristics 179
5.5.3.1 InuenceofZnOGrainParameters 180
5.5.3.2 InuenceofGrainBoundaryParameters 183
5.5.4 InuentialFactorsonResidualVoltageRatio 186 References 188
6 Breakdown Mechanism and Energy Absorption Capability of ZnO Varistor 193
6.1 Introduction 193
6.2 ImpulseFailureModesofZnOVaristors 194
6.3 MechanismsofPunctureandFractureFailures 197
6.3.1 MechanismsofPunctureFailure 197
6.3.2 MechanismofFractureFailure 201
6.4 SimulationofPunctureandFractureFailures 204
6.4.1 PunctureDestructionSimulation 204
6.4.1.1 PunctureSimulationinMicrostructure 206
6.4.2 CrackingFailureSimulationinMicrostructure 208
6.5 Thermal Runaway 209
6.5.1 PowerLossofZnOVaristor 210
6.5.2 ThermalRunawayMechanism 210
6.5.3 TeststoEnsuretheThermalStabilityCharacteristics 213
6.6 InuencesofDierentFactorsonFailuresofZnOVaristors 213
6.6.1 InuenceofMicrostructuralNonuniformity 213
6.6.2 InuenceofElectricalNonuniformityinMicrostructure 216
6.6.3 SimulationAnalysisonBreakdownModes 217
6.7 InuentialFactorsonEnergyAbsorptionCapability 218
6.7.1 InuenceoftheAppliedCurrent 218
6.7.2 InuenceofVaristorCross-sectionalArea 221
6.7.3 SimulationAnalysisonSurgeEnergyAbsorptionCapability 221
6.8 DiscussionsonEnergyAbsorptionCapability 225
6.8.1 EnergyAbsorptionCapabilityDeterminedbyFractureFailure 225
6.8.2 EnergyAbsorptionCapabilityDeterminedbyPunctureFailure 226
6.8.3 DiscussiononNonuniformityofEnergyAbsorptionCapability 228
6.8.4 AdditivesEectonEnergyAbsorptionCapability 229
6.8.5 OtherMeasurestoImproveEnergyAbsorptionCapability 230 References 230
7 Electrical Degradation of ZnO Varistors 235
7.1 Introduction 235
7.2 DegradationPhenomenaofZnOVaristors 237
7.2.1 DegradationPhenomenaoftheVaristorBulk 237
7.2.2 DegradationofGrainBoundary 242
7.2.3 PulseDegradationCharacteristics 245
7.2.4 TopographicInformationforDegradationAnalysis 247
7.3 MigrationIonsfortheDegradationofZnOVaristors 249
7.3.1 GrainBoundaryDefectModel 249
7.3.2 ExperimentalProofofIonMigration 251
7.3.3 IdenticationofDominantMobileIons 252
7.3.4 Three-DimensionalExtension 256
7.4 DegradationMechanismofZnOVaristors 257
7.4.1 DCDegradationMechanism 258
7.4.2 ACDegradationMechanism 258
7.4.3 NonuniformDegradationMechanism 260
7.4.4 PulseDegradationofZnOVaristors 262
7.4.4.1 DegradationMechanismUnderImpulseCurrent 263
7.4.4.2 SuperimposingDegradation 264
7.5 RoleofInteriorMicrocracksonDegradation 266
7.6 AntidegradationMeasures 267
7.6.1 SpecicPreparationProcedures 268
7.6.2 OptimizationofFormula 269
Contents
7.6.2.1 DopantEectsonImprovingACDegradationCharacteristics 270
7.6.2.2 DopantEectsonImprovingImpulseDegradationProperty 271 References 272
8 Praseodymium/Vanadium/Barium-Based ZnO Varistor Systems 281
8.1 PraseodymiumSystem 281
8.1.1 DopingEects 281
8.1.2 EectofSinteringProcesses 285
8.1.3 High-VoltageApplications 288
8.1.4 Low-VoltageApplications 288
8.2 VanadiumSystem 289
8.2.1 DopingEects 290
8.2.2 ElectricalCharacteristics 291
8.2.3 MicrostructuralCharacteristics 292
8.2.4 EectsofVanadiumOxideonGrainGrowth 294
8.3 BariumSystem 295
8.3.1 PreparationandElectricalCharacteristics 295
8.3.2 MicrostructuralCharacteristics 296
8.3.3 ImprovingStabilityAgainstMoisture 298
8.4 ZnO–GlassVaristor 298 References 300
9 Fabrications of Low-Voltage ZnO Varistors 307
9.1 Introduction 307
9.2 ExaggeratingGrainGrowthbySeedGrains 308
9.3 SynthesisofNanocrystallineZnOVaristorPowders 309
9.3.1 Gas-PhaseProcessingMethods 309
9.3.2 CombustionSynthesis 311
9.3.3 Sol–GelMethods 311
9.3.4 Solution-CoatingMethod 315
9.4 NanollersinZnOVaristorCeramics 320
9.5 SinteringTechniquestoControlGrainGrowth 321
9.5.1 Step-sinteringApproach 321
9.5.2 MicrowaveSinteringMethod 322
9.5.3 SparkPlasmaSinteringTechnique 324 References 327
10 Titanium-Based Dual-function Varistor Ceramics 335
10.1 SrTiO3 Varistors 335
10.1.1 Introduction 335
10.1.2 MicrostructureofSrTiO3Varistors 336
10.1.3 PreparationofSrTiO3Varistors 336
10.1.4 PerformanceofSrTiO3 338
10.1.5 ConductionMechanismofSrTiO3 339
10.2 TiO2-BasedVaristors 341
10.2.1 Introduction 341
10.2.2 PreparationofTiO2-BasedVaristors 342
10.2.3 MechanismofTiO2Capacitor–VaristorCeramics 342
10.2.4 DopingofTiO2-BasedVaristors 343
10.2.4.1 Acceptor-DopedTiO2-BasedVaristors 343
10.2.4.2 Donor-DopedTiO2-BasedVaristors 344
10.2.4.3 CodopingEectsofAcceptorandDonorDopants 345
10.2.4.4 SinteringAdditivesinTiO2-BasedVaristors 347
10.2.5 DevelopmentofTiO2-BasedVaristors 348
10.3 CaCu3Ti4O12 Ceramics 348
10.3.1 Introduction 348
10.3.2 StructureofCCTO 349
10.3.2.1 CrystalStructure 349
10.3.2.2 PhaseandMicrostructure 350
10.3.3 PerformancesofCCTOCeramics 352
10.3.3.1 NonohmicCurrent–VoltageCharacteristic 352
10.3.3.2 ColossalPermittivity 354
10.3.3.3 DielectricLoss 357
10.3.4 Mechanism 358
10.3.4.1 IBLCModel 358
10.3.4.2 ConductingMechanism 362
10.3.4.3 PolarizationMechanismofGrains 364
10.3.4.4 APolaronicStackingFaultDefectModel 365
10.3.5 RoleofDopants 366
10.3.5.1 RoleofDopingCuO 366
10.3.5.2 DopingMechanismstoTuneCCTOPerformances 368
10.4 BaTiO3VaristorsofPTCREect 375
10.4.1 Introduction 375
10.4.2 DopingEects 377
10.4.3 PreparationofBaTiO3Ceramics 379
10.4.4 PTCREectofBaTiO3Ceramics 381
10.4.5 VaristorCharacteristicsofBaTiO3Ceramics 384 References 386
11 Tin Oxide Varistor Ceramics of High Thermal Conductivity 407
11.1 PreparationofSnO2-BasedVaristors 407
11.2 ElectricalPerformancesofSnO2-BasedVaristors 410
11.3 MechanismofSnO2-BasedVaristors 414
11.3.1 FormationofGrainBoundaryPotentialBarrier 414
11.3.2 AtomicDefectModel 415
11.3.3 AdmittanceSpectroscopyAnalysis 417
11.3.4 Capacitance–VoltageAnalysis 420
11.3.5 EectofThermalTreatment 421
11.4 RoleofDopantsinTuningSnO2-BasedVaristors 423
11.4.1 DopantsforDensifyingSnO2-BasedVaristors 423
11.4.2 AcceptorDoping 424
Contents
11.4.3 DonorDoping 427
11.5 ThermalPerformances 429
11.6 DegradationBehaviors 431
11.7 DevelopmentofSnO2-BasedVaristors 432 References 434
12 WO3-Based Varistor Ceramics of Low Breakdown Voltage 441
12.1 Introduction 441
12.2 TungstenOxide 442
12.3 PreparationofWO3-BasedVaristors 444
12.4 ElectricalPerformances 446
12.5 ImprovingtheElectricalStability 448
12.6 MechanismModelofWO3-BasedVaristors 449
12.7 DopingEects 452
12.7.1 TheAdditionofRareEarthOxides 452
12.7.2 TheAdditionofCuO 453
12.7.3 TheAdditionofAl2O3 454
12.7.4 TheAdditionofTiO2 455
12.7.5 TheAdditionofOtherAdditives 455 References 456
Index 461

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金属氧化物压敏电阻—从微观结构到宏观特性（Metal Oxide Varistors－From Microstructure to Macro-characteristics）

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